This article examines the role of traditional chiefdoms in the Ngambaye area of Bébédjia, located in the Logone Oriental Province in southern Chad, as sources of local history and foundations of cultural identity. The objective of this study is to understand the place of these institutions in the sociopolitical organization and social regulation of Ngambaye society. The research methodology is based on a multidisciplinary approach combining anthropological, sociological, and ethnological perspectives, as well as the use of oral traditions collected from community memory holders. The findings reveal that traditional chiefdoms constitute hierarchical institutions that play a central role in social regulation, conflict mediation, symbolic management of territory, and the transmission of cultural values. They also contribute significantly to the preservation of collective memory and the maintenance of community cohesion. The study therefore highlights that these traditional structures remain a fundamental pillar of Ngambaye cultural identity. Preserving these institutions appears essential for safeguarding cultural heritage and ensuring the transmission of historical knowledge among communities in southern Chad.